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The African savanna supports an abundance of wildlife. Characterized by an extensive cover of grasses and scattered trees, the savanna provides both nesting sites as well as suitable hunting grounds for a diversity of bird species. This element, coupled with its accessibility, makes the savanna biome a haven for African safaris and birding. Among the birds often encountered in the savannas of Africa are the hornbills, bee-eaters, oxpeckers, and kingfishers. Birders are also likely to see flocks of vultures circling the skies or perched atop a tree, eagerly awaiting their turn at a fresh carcass. Let’s take a look at some of the common as well as sought-after species to look out for in the African Savannas. 1. Helmeted Guineafowl An almost comically peculiar gallinaceous bird, the helmeted guineafowl is a fairly common gamebird sighting amid the grasses of the African savanna. Flocks scurry along the game paths, feasting on grass seeds, tubers, flowers, and other plant materials. They also eat beetles, snails, insect larvae, and ticks, among other invertebrates and even some small vertebrates such as mice, playing a role in the control of pests and diseases. The helmeted guineafowl is an unmistakable species named for its vibrant blue or red—or a combination of blue and red—facial skin. It also sports a peculiar bony casque, and rows of tiny white spots adorn its plumage. Helmeted guineafowl are well-adapted to their terrestrial lifestyle. They can cover over 10 kilometers in a single day and can run swiftly with surprising stability across uneven terrain. Like most landfowl, they are weak fliers but are capable of an explosive, albeit short flight to escape predators or when disturbed, issuing a harsh alarm call. 2. Woodland Kingfisher The loud, dual-note trilling call of this tree kingfisher can be heard in wooded habitats throughout tropical Africa. Like many other kingfisher species, the woodland kingfisher does not subsist on a piscivorous diet. Instead, it feeds primarily on insects and the occasional lizard, frog, or other small vertebrate. It is an attractive bird with an electric-blue back, tail, and wing panels, outstanding against a pale grey head and underparts. Its large, bicolored bill is red above and black below. It can be distinguished by the mangrove kingfisher by its dark lores that form a distinctive eye mask. This species can be aggressively territorial and is known to attack intruding animals—including humans—and perceived threats around the nesting site. 3. Lilac-breasted Roller Named for its vibrant, lilac hues, the lilac-breasted roller is popular among birders. Its resplendent plumage features beautiful shades of blue, turquoise, and green among others, which it puts on full exhibit during its flight display, entailing a series of aerial acrobatics for which rollers are named. Less attractive than its feathering and fanciful flight display, its call is a harsh, crow-like, guttural cackle. The lilac-breasted roller is found in the southern and eastern parts of the continent. It is usually spotted on a prominent perch amid the savanna, from where it hunts insects, spiders, and small vertebrates such as lizards and small snakes. 4. Martial Eagle The real king of the African savanna, the martial eagle is arguably the most powerful African raptor. At three feet tall with an impressive seven-foot wingspan, it is also the largest eagle on the continent. With its short yet distinctive crest, piercing yellow eyes, and commanding demeanor, the martial eagle is a majestic bird and favored sighting among birders. Martial eagles are ferocious hunters that often prey on mammals far larger than themselves. They are also known to take on dangerous animals, such as jackals and monitor lizards. Hunting prowess aside, these are shy, elusive birds that are particularly wary of humans. Martial eagles have an exceptionally vast range across most of sub-Saharan Africa, but they require large territories and are endangered due to habitat loss and indiscriminate persecution. 5. Red-crested Korhaan Known locally as the suicide bird for its startling courtship display, the red-crested korhaan is a savanna bustard found across southern Africa. It is named for its rusty-red crest—although this feature is almost always concealed. While fairly common within its range, the red-crested korhaan blends remarkably well in its environment, owing to the cryptic coloration and patterning of its plumage. It has a lurking gait and is typically spotted on the ground, singly or in pairs, steadily making its way through the bushveld. Ahead of the mating season, the male attracts a mate by shooting high into the sky, then dive-bombing toward the ground before impressively landing on his feet. 6. Grey Crowned Crane This peculiar-looking crane is found in dry savannas across sub-Saharan Africa. Similar in appearance to the black crowned crane, it is named for its crown of spiky, golden plumes. It has predominantly grey plumage, which distinguishes it from its duskier relative. Crowned cranes are unique in that they are the only species that roost in trees, having a prehensile fourth toe to enable this. Of the two species, the grey crowned crane has a wider distribution across the continent—although it is most commonly found in eastern and southern Africa. Grey crowned cranes are gregarious birds but may also occur solitary or in pairs. Flocks of over 100 birds can be observed around wetlands, dams, and other water bodies, foraging for aquatic plants, insects, worms, and small vertebrates. In drier habitats, they associate with herbivores, feeding on the insects kicked up by grazing ungulates. Like other species, grey crowned cranes have a loud, bugling call and a fanciful, dance-like courtship display comprising a series of twirling, bowing, jumping, and tossing vegetation. 7. African Paradise Flycatcher Paradise flycatchers belong to the monarch family of passerine birds. They are characterized by their rufous plumage with variations of blue, white, and grey and the long tail streamers of the males that resemble the ribbons of a rhythmic gymnast. Lucky birders may catch sight of the exquisitely beautiful white morph. The African paradise flycatcher inhabits savanna woodlands and scrublands across sub-Saharan Africa. It is a vocal bird with

Located in the heart of East Africa, Uganda’s diverse landscape—ranging from dense rainforests and expansive savannas to serene lakeshores and mist-covered mountains—supports over a thousand bird species. Uganda also serves as a stopover and wintering ground for many migratory birds. The region’s location along the East African-Eurasian flyway gives Ugandan wilderness spaces a front-row seat to the spectacle of avian migration. In this article, we look at some of the common as well as rare species among Uganda’s enchanting array of birdlife. 1. Shoebill Perhaps one of the most iconic birds of tropical Africa, the shoebill is a prehistoric-looking giant that inhabits dense, freshwater wetlands. Named for its massive shoe-shaped bill, it stands tall, at up to four feet in height. This sole-surviving member of its family has blue-gray plumage with pale underparts. Shoebills are largely piscivorous, with a preference for lungfish, tilapia, and catfish, but their diet includes a range of wetland vertebrates. They are known for their stealthy hunting techniques and are capable of standing still for extended periods before striking. The shoebill is a vulnerable species, facing threats such as habitat loss, human disturbance, and poaching. 2. Grey Crowned Crane As Uganda’s national bird, the Grey Crowned Crane is a symbol of national pride. With its regal appearance and distinctive golden crown of feathers, this unusual bird is an icon of the grassy wetlands and savannas of eastern and southern Africa. Typical of cranes, they have elaborate courtship displays involving dancing, head bobbing, and calling in unison as they establish and maintain their lifelong pair bonds. Gray crowned cranes are omnivorous. Their diet includes seeds, insects, small reptiles, and amphibians. Like other cranes, this species faces a number of threats, including habitat loss and pesticide poisoning. 3. Great Blue Turaco With its deep blue plumage, vibrant red facial markings, and prominent crest, the great blue turaco is quite the rainforest spectacle. This African beauty is the largest species of turaco. Its distinctive calls can be heard echoing through the forest. Like other turacos, the great blue is frugivorous, relying on the fruits of the forest and supplementing its diet with leaves, flowers, and insects. Great blue turacos are weak fliers that glide from tree to tree in their arboreal habitat, spending most of their time in the treetops. The great blue turaco is a prized food for many local tribes and a clan totem for others. The species has a stable population and an extensive range from western Kenya in the east to Guinea-Bissau in West Africa. 4. African Fish Eagle A symbol of Africa, the African Fish Eagle is easily identified by its distinctive white head and tail. It is known for its iconic, high-pitched, and evocative calls, often associated with the sounds of the African wilderness. African fish eagles are largely piscivorous, and they are often observed around large water bodies such as lakes, rivers, and reservoirs. They catch fish at the water’s surface with a powerful, swooping plunge, gripping their prey in their large, rough talons. These eagles are highly territorial and form monogamous pairs that aggressively defend their nesting territories. The large stick nests are constructed in tall trees near the water. The African fish eagle is a heralded symbol of many African nations and is often featured in cultural stories and folklore. This iconic species draws many birders to Africa’s waterways. 5. Abyssinian Ground Hornbill One of two species of ground hornbill, the Abyssinian is the lesser-known, with a range confined to the northernmost reaches of sub-Saharan Africa. It is similar in appearance to the southern ground hornbill with its black plumage with white primaries, colorful facial skin, and throat pouch. The Abyssinian ground hornbill has metallic blue skin around the eye and upper throat. This color extends to the throat pouch in females. The bill is long and black, with a red patch near the base. This species also has a prominent black casque, which is larger in males. Like their southern cousins, Abyssinian ground hornbills are huge birds, well-adapted to their terrestrial lifestyle. They prefer open, arid habitats, walking through dry grasslands, savannas, and rocky scrub, either in pairs or small flocks, searching for small mammals and reptiles to prey on and fruit and seeds to forage. Ground hornbills produce a deep, booming call that can be heard from miles away. They nest in the cavities of large trees, such as baobabs and palms. The female is partially sealed in with a mixture of vegetation and mud. Both species of ground hornbill are vulnerable owing to a slew of threats, including habitat loss and degradation. 6. Hartlaub’s Bustard An East African beauty, Hartlaub’s Bustard was named after the German ornithologist. It is a rather special sighting, uncommon in its wooded grassland habitat. Hartlaub’s bustard is an elegant long-legged bird with a long, slender neck and intricately patterned plumage in cryptic coloration. It is very similar in appearance to the black-bellied bustard, distinguishable by its sharper black-and-white facial and neck markings. Pairs have elaborate courtship displays, during which the male inflates and extends its long neck and gives its clicking courtship call, following which he darts into the air and parachutes back down. Like other bustards, this species is believed to be omnivorous, feeding on invertebrates and plant foods, but little is known about this rare and elusive bird. 7. Black-and-White-Casqued Hornbill Another distinctive hornbill that can be found in Uganda, the Black-and-White-Casqued hornbill inhabits rainforests in tropical Africa along a narrow stretch from west to east. Their loud, honking calls resonate through the forest. As per the name, it has scruffy black and white plumage and a prominent casque on its bill. Black and white casqued hornbills have highly mobile eyes—a rare trait in birds that allows their eyes to move around in their sockets, possibly to enable a wider range of vision in their dense wooded habitats. They are frugivores with a preference for figs and supplement their diet with insects and small animals. These birds play a

The rainforests of Africa are a treasure trove of biodiversity, boasting an incredible array of flora and fauna. Among the myriad species that call these lush habitats home, birds stand out as the most vibrant and diverse inhabitants of the rainforests. In this article, we will explore some of the fascinating rainforest birds that grace the canopies and forest floors of Africa, weaving their splendour into the rich tapestry of its ecosystems. African Grey Parrot One of the most iconic and intelligent parrot species, the African Grey Parrot, is native to the dense rainforests of West and Central Africa. Renowned for their remarkable mimicking abilities and cognitive prowess, these birds are often kept as pets. However, their populations face threats due to habitat loss and the illegal pet trade. African greys are frugivores, feeding mainly on fruits, nuts, and seeds. Little is known about their behaviour in the wild, but they are monogamous, and pairs typically mate for life. Great Blue Turaco A strikingly beautiful bird, the Great Blue Turaco is a spectacular sight in the rainforest canopy. Its deep, teal-coloured plumage stands out amid the forest foliage. It has a fan-shaped, blue-black crest and an orange-tipped yellow bill. Great blues are social birds found in small flocks. Found in the central and western regions of Africa, these large frugivores subsist on a diet of fruits, flowers, and leaves and play a crucial role in seed dispersal, contributing to the forest’s ecological balance. African Crowned Eagle Among Africa’s largest and most powerful raptors, the African Crowned Eagle commands attention with its impressive size and hunting prowess. Crowned eagles primarily hunt medium-sized mammals, such as hyraxes, monkeys, and small antelope. They live in the rainforests and dense woodlands, with a population concentration in East Africa. African crowned eagles are bold raptors and fiercely territorial. They are known to attack humans that veer too close to their nesting sites. The species is in decline due to deforestation. Congo Peafowl Endemic to the Congo Basin rainforest, the Congo Peafowl is the only African peafowl species. This unusual groundbird is shy and elusive, inhabiting the lowland forests where its droppings and feathers tell of its whereabouts. While it is less flamboyant than its Asiatic cousins, the males have deep-blue plumage with an iridescent sheen in shades of green and violet. The Congo peafowl is an omnivore. It feeds on fruits as well as insects and other invertebrates. Populations are in decline due to hunting and habitat loss. African Pitta Known for its vibrant plumage and explosive calls, the African Pitta is a small passerine bird found in the understory of Central and West African rainforests. Despite their bold coloration and loud call, African pittas are rarely observed due to their elusive behaviour. They inhabit riparian and coastal forest thickets, where they flit about, foraging leaf litter for insects and invertebrates, adding a splash of color to the forest floor. Picarthartes Rockfowls There are only two species of rockfowl, and both inhabit the dense rainforests of tropical West and Central Africa. These peculiar birds capture the imagination of bird enthusiasts and researchers alike. Also known as bald crows, they are slender birds with large beady eyes, featherless heads, and brightly coloured facial skin. While the species are named for their neck coloration—either white or grey—they are markedly different in appearance. These rainforest rockfowl are ground-dwelling birds that feed on insects and other invertebrates in their damp, rocky habitats. Both species are threatened by the destruction of forest habitats. Copper-tailed Starling The copper-tailed starling gets its name from the dazzling copper-colored feathers adorning its square-shaped tail that intensify during the breeding season, creating a sharp contrast against its dark, glossy plumage with iridescent sheen in shades of purple and blue. This stunning species inhabits moist, lowland forests in West Africa, where it forages the canopy for insects and fruit. The species is classified as “near-threatened” on the IUCN Redlist. African Green Broadbill Also known as Grauer’s Broadbill, this little green marvel of the rainforest bears a striking plumage that seamlessly blends with the verdant foliage of its forest habitat. It has a black and streaked yellow crown, a black eye mask, and a powder-blue throat. Unlike other broadbill species, it has a small bill. This insular species is endemic to the montane forests of the Albertine Rift, where it can be spotted flitting about, foraging for seeds, fruit, buds, and flowers. This species faces the ongoing threat of habitat loss due to deforestation and human encroachment. Prigorgine’s Sunbird This mysterious species is endemic to the riparian forests of the Marungu Highlands. Sunbirds are tiny birds—comparative to hummingbirds—that occupy a similar niche in African ecosystems. The Marungu sunbird is a relatively large species, with colourful males cloaked in green and red. The females, by contrast, have drab brown plumage. Prigorine’s sunbirds are found in montane forests and forest edges. They migrate short distances as the seasons change. Deforestation threatens their highly localised habitat. White-crested Tiger Heron Also known as the White-crested Bittern, this enigmatic species inhabits dense, lowland forests, wetlands, and mangroves in West Africa. It is a stout bird with dusky, barred plumage and a distinctive white crest for which it is named. Typical of herons, the white-crested tiger heron subsists on a largely piscivorous diet of fish, crabs, frogs, crayfish, snakes, and insects. Its loud booming call can be heard echoing through the rainforest. Vermiculated Fishing Owl This large, wary species inhabits riverine forests. It is endemic to West-Central Africa. Name for its heavily patterned plumage, the vermiculated fishing owl has a tuftless, round head, yellow bill, and large brown eyes. It hunts nocturnally and spends its days in well-hidden roosting sites. Lucky birders may hear its deep hooting call or spot its tawny plumage amid the foliage. Congo Serpent Eagle This dusky eagle specialises in hunting snakes and other reptiles and amphibians amid the dark understories of the African rainforests. It has dark upperparts, barred flanks, a white breast, and a long, banded

Weavers, what beautiful birds, especially during their frenetic breeding season. After molting, the males display their beautiful new colors, marking the start of an annual race to build intricate nests. They use their excellent weaving skills to create elaborate nests in the hope of attracting a mate. Weavers are named after their beautifully woven nests. Their nests come in all different shapes and sizes, with each species having its own intricate architectural design. Amazingly, if you go to a colony of a specific species of weaver anywhere in the world, every nest is identical. However, not all weavers make tightly woven nests. Habitat Weavers inhabit diverse environments across South Africa, from the warm, dry west coast to the sub-tropical east coast. Their nest structures range from the enormous nests of the Sociable Weaver in the drier areas to the tightly woven nests of the Eastern Golden Weaver on the tropical east coast. Weavers typically feed on insects, beetles, caterpillars, grasshoppers, larvae, seeds, some plants, and flowers, and occasionally spiders. Essentially, they forage for whatever is available in their environment. Many of the “yellow” weavers’ nests are found close to bodies of water, hanging in trees, or attached to reeds. These nests are usually made from grass stems, reeds, or palm leaves. The males build these nests to attract females. Home Selection Females are very fussy and inspect the nests for sturdiness and robustness. If a nest is approved, the pair will start breeding once the female has lined the inside of the nest with grasses and soft foliage. If the nest fails to impress the female, the male will typically break it down and start rebuilding in the hope of future success. In some species, the entrance length of the nest is increased only once the female has accepted it. She judges the male not by his looks but by his craftsmanship. Weavers are generally gregarious with a typical staccato call described as ‘endless chattering.’ Their calls are unique to each species, and their songs can be quite captivating. The Yellow Weavers These first few species exhibit a unique courtship behavior where the males hang upside down, shaking their bodies and wings rapidly while calling to attract a mate. Lesser Masked Weaver (Ploceus intermedius) Standing at 14 cm, the Lesser Masked Weaver has a black mask reaching the middle of its crown and pale eyes, distinguishing it from the Southern Masked Weaver with red eyes. They build tight, robust nests in large colonies in savannah and woodlands, preferring areas near water. Eastern Golden (Yellow) Weaver (Ploceus subaureus) These beautiful birds, around 15 cm tall, display a golden yellow plumage with bright red eyes during the breeding season. They build tight, compact nests in reeds or trees near water, often with other weavers. These nests are oval-to-round with the opening facing downward but without a tunnel. Cape Weaver (Ploceus capensis) Endemic to Southern Africa and larger than other weavers at about 17.5 cm, the Cape Weaver has a chestnut wash over its forehead and brown legs. They construct prominent, neatly kidney-shaped nests with a bottom-side entrance. These weavers often migrate during winter and return in spring. Southern Masked Weaver (Ploceus velatus) At about 15 cm high, the Southern Masked Weaver has a black mask from its forehead to its upper breast and red eyes. They build tightly woven nests with an opening at the bottom, avoiding evergreen forests and preferring open scrub and savannah. Spectacled Weaver (Ploceus ocularis) Standing at 15.5 cm, the Spectacled Weaver is primarily golden yellow with a black mask and pale yellow eyes. They build tightly woven, retort-shaped nests suspended from pendulous vegetation and are monogamous, with breeding pairs staying together for several consecutive years. Holub’s Golden Weaver (Ploceus xanthops) Similar to the Eastern Golden Weaver but slightly larger at 17 cm with pale yellow eyes, Holub’s Golden Weaver has an olive green back and an untidy, kidney-shaped nest. They are uncommon residents in South Africa, typically found in well-wooded environments. Weavers of Different Colors Red-billed Buffalo Weaver (Bubalornis niger) These black weavers, standing 25 cm tall, have red bills and small white wing patches. They build bulky nests of thorny branches divided into chambers. Dominant males control more chambers and females, creating a polygynous social structure. Dark-backed Weaver (Ploceus bicolor) A melodious bird with distinctive dark backs and yellow underparts, the Dark-backed Weaver builds untidy nests with long tunnels. They are monogamous and found in small groups in woodlands. Red-headed Weaver (Anaplectes melanotis) With bright scarlet faces and white underparts, the Red-headed Weaver is unique in South Africa. They build rough, untidy nests from twigs and grass stems and are monogamous, calling females by hanging upside down and quivering their wings. Sociable Weaver (Philetairus socius) Endemic to Southern Africa, Sociable Weavers build enormous nesting structures from grass in trees or on telephone poles, creating colonies of up to 500 birds. They are cooperative breeders, with each pair building their chamber within the colossal structure. Thick-billed Weaver (Amblyospiza albifrons) Standing 18 cm tall, Thick-billed Weavers have dark brown plumage and heavy bills with white wing patches. They build large nests between bullrush reeds with an upper-side opening and are polygynous, attracting mates by slowly flapping their wings. Conclusion Weavers are fascinating birds with their exquisite looks, exceptional nest-building skills, and adaptability to diverse environments. Watching these birds during breeding season, with their vibrant colors and captivating calls, is a highlight for any birder. With a little practice, it becomes easier to identify individual species and observe their distinctive behaviors. The ingenuity and energy of male weavers as they feverishly weave their nests to win the approval of rather particular females is a sight to behold.

The African continent, with its diversity of landscapes, houses the third-largest desert in the world. At over 9 million square kilometers, the Sahara stretches across the north, from the Red Sea and the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, encompassing ten countries in its vastness. Composed of rocky hamadas, rising dunes, and sand seas, the dramatic landscape is beautiful and treacherous. Yet the Sahara Desert is home to roughly 70 mammal species, 100 reptiles, and over 200 species of birds. Wildlife here are remarkably resilient and adapted to survive the hostile desert environment. Let’s take a look at some of the birds of the Sahara Desert and the adaptations that allow them to thrive in one of the harshest landscapes of the continent. 1. Common Ostrich A living dinosaur, the ostrich is a special species for many reasons. Not only is it the largest and fastest living bird, but also the fastest two-legged land animal. With its powerful, prehistoric feet and long muscular legs, this large ratite can reach speeds of up to 70 kilometers per hour, using its open wings for balance. The common ostrich can be found throughout the continent, typically inhabiting hot, dry habitats. Like other birds, ostriches also use gular fluttering to help them cool down on hot days. But they have several other neat adaptations to protect them from the heat in warmer climates. While they cannot fly, their wings are still pretty useful. Ostrich feathers, unlike the feathers of flying birds, lack the tiny barbules that aid flight. Instead, they are specially designed for thermoregulation. A contraction of muscles causes the feathers to raise when it’s hot, allowing for airflow between the feathers and skin. The fluffy soft feathers flatten to keep these big birds warm in cold weather. Ostriches also take dust baths to cool off, using their wings to scoop sand and throw it over themselves. Other than its high temperatures, the desert poses several other challenges. Like other desert animals, ostriches are able to go for several days without water, making use of metabolic water and moisture from plants. They typically feed on seeds, shrubs, grasses, and other plant foods but also take the occasional locust or lizard when the opportunity arises. The high sand dunes of the desert can impede visibility, but ostriches, with their long legs and necks, are able to see further than most desert animals. They also have long eyelashes to protect their eyes during sandstorms, which is helpful since ostriches have exceptionally large eyes—larger than any other bird species. Owing to their size, speed, and strength, ostriches don’t have many natural predators. Still, they are targeted by apex predators such as lions, leopards, and crocodiles. And while there aren’t a great many animals bold and tactful enough to approach their nests to steal eggs, baboons, vultures, and even mobs of meerkats can pose a threat. With few places to hide in the desert, ostriches conceal themselves by laying down with their heads and necks flush against the ground, using the heat haze to blend in like mounds in the landscape. 2. Lappet-faced Vulture The most powerful and aggressive African vulture, the lappet-faced vulture is found in the southern parts of the Sahara, where it cruises the desert skies, scanning for animal carcasses. It is an exceptionally large species with a 9-foot wingspan and one of the largest bills among the raptors. It has dark plumage, with white to off-white underparts and thighs. This lappet-faced vulture is named for the distinctive folds on the sides of its pinkish head, which protect the ears from sand and food debris. Like other vultures, it is bald—an adaptation to keep them clean while feeding. Its baldness also aids heat regulation in hot desert temperatures. Vultures employ a unique cooling method when it gets really hot. They urinate over their legs and feet—the resulting evaporation helps them cool off. Lappet-faced vultures reign supreme in their habitats, with other species ceding to them at scavenging sites, which is in a way beneficial, as these powerful vultures are able to tear through the toughest of hides, thereby opening up the carcass to other scavengers. Also known as the Nubian vulture, this raptor has a patchy distribution across Africa and the Middle East. In addition to deserts, it also inhabits dry savannah, thornbush, arid plains, and mountain slopes. Another desert-dwelling species is the Egyptian vulture, also known as the Pharoah’s chicken. By contrast, this is one of the smallest Old World vultures. Its plumage is white with black flight feathers and a shaggy hackle that gives it a somewhat comical, chicken-like appearance. It has a featherless, yellow face and a small, black bill. Vultures are known for the important role they play as cleaners of the ecosystem, ridding the environment of disease-causing parasites and pathogens by clearing away the carcasses of dead animals. In addition to carrion, this species also feeds on vegetation, insects, small animals such as wild rabbits, and the feces of mammals. The Egyptian vulture is also notable for its ability to use tools—typically smooth stones, which it uses to break open the eggs of larger birds, such as ostriches and bustards. The species is found across North Africa. It has a wide range that includes the Iberian Peninsula, West Asia, and India. Both the lappet-faced vulture and the Egyptian vulture are endangered. In general, vultures across Africa are in serious decline due to a number of threats, such as lead poisoning, collision with electrical infrastructure, and persecution. 3. Pharoah Eagle-Owl The Pharoah eagle owl is a silent predator, lurking in the desert at night. It has tawny plumage, mottled with cream and brown blotches and cryptic patterns. Its large eyes are fiery orange. Like other nocturnal owl species, it has specialized wing feathers, enabling a silent flight. A keen eye may spot this owl, perched around its nesting site during the day. Pharoah eagle owls breed during winter, nesting on rocky surfaces. They prey on lizards, desert rodents, hares, beetles, scorpions,

The African finches belong to the Estrildidae family, which comprises around 146 species spread across approximately 34 genera. This family is known for its diversity, encompassing various species such as waxbills, firefinches, twinspots, seedcrackers, and many more. In Africa, 74 estrildid species across 25 genera display a wide range of plumage colors and patterns, making them a visual delight for birdwatchers. These finches are small birds, measuring between 3 inches (7.5 cm) to 6.7 inches (17 cm) in length and weighing between 0.21 ounces (6 grams) to 0.9 ounces (25 grams). They primarily feed on seeds and berries, thanks to their thick, short beaks. These birds are gregarious, often seen foraging on the ground in flocks, and they inhabit a variety of environments, including grasslands, forests, woodlands, deserts, scrublands, and agricultural lands. They typically build dome-shaped nests, with many species favoring communal nesting sites. Here’s a detailed look at the 74 African finch species. 1. Genus Amadina 1.1 Cut-throat Finch (Amadina fasciata) Named for the male’s distinctive red throat band, these finches have grey-brown plumage with black barring and scaling. They are found in southern, eastern, and Sahel regions of Africa. 1.2 Red-headed Finch (Amadina erythrocephala) The male Red-headed Finch features a striking red head, greyish-brown upper parts, and white-spotted underparts with dark barring. Females have grey heads. They are native to southern Africa. 2. Genus Amandava 2.1 Orange-breasted Waxbill (Amandava subflava) These birds have yellow to orange underparts, red rumps, and olive-green upper parts with a red bill. They inhabit southern, eastern, central, and western Africa. 3. Genus Brunhilda 3.1 Black-cheeked Waxbill (Brunhilda charmosyna) This species features grey backs, heads, throats, and chests, with black face masks, red bellies, flanks, and rumps. They are found in eastern Africa. 3.2 Black-faced Waxbill (Brunhilda erythronotos) Similar to the Black-cheeked Waxbill, but with a distinctive black face and red belly and rump. They inhabit southern and eastern Africa. 4. Genus Clytospiza 4.1 Brown Twinspot (Clytospiza monteiri) These birds have dark brownish-green upper parts, red rumps, and rufous-cinnamon underparts spotted in white. Males have red throat patches, whereas females have white patches. They are found in central Africa. 5. Genus Coccopygia 5.1 Angola Waxbill (Coccopygia bocagei) Featuring olive-green backs and wings, dark grey heads, yellow bellies, and red rumps, males have black throat patches. They are found only in Angola. 5.2 Swee Waxbill (Coccopygia melanotis) These birds have grey heads, red lower backs, rumps, and upper tails, with olive-green backs and wings. Males have black face and throat patches. They are found in southern Africa. 5.3 Yellow-bellied Waxbill (Coccopygia quartinia) They have yellow bellies, olive-green backs and wings, black tails, grey heads, and red lower backs, rumps, and upper tails. Males have black facial masks. They inhabit southern and eastern Africa. 6. Genus Cryptospiza 6.1 Abyssinian Crimsonwing (Cryptospiza salvadorii) These birds have red backs and rumps, black wings and tails, olive-grey heads, and olive-grey underparts. Males have red flanks. They are found in eastern Africa. 6.2 Dusky Crimsonwing (Cryptospiza jacksoni) Dusky Crimsonwings have dark grey underparts, heads with red face masks, red backs, flanks, and rumps. They are found in the Albertine Rift of eastern Africa. 6.3 Red-faced Crimsonwing (Cryptospiza reichenovii) With red backs, rumps, flanks, and olive heads and underparts, males have red faces. They inhabit eastern and central Africa. 6.4 Shelley’s Crimsonwing (Cryptospiza shelleyi) These birds have red bills, backs, and rumps, black wings and tails, olive throats, olive-yellow underparts, and orange flanks. Males have red crowns. They are found in the Albertine Rift of eastern Africa. 7. Genus Delacourella 7.1 Grey-headed Oliveback (Delacourella capistrata) These finches have olive backs, wings, rumps, upper tails, yellow flanks, grey underparts, crowns, napes, and necks, white faces and cheeks, dark beaks, and black bibs. They are found in central and western Africa. 8. Genus Estrilda 8.1 Anambra Waxbill (Estrilda poliopareia) They have finely barred, dull buffy underparts, darker olive upper parts, pale greyish heads, reddish-brown rumps and beaks, and pale eyes. They are found only in southern Nigeria and Benin. 8.2 Black-crowned Waxbill (Estrilda nonnula) With whitish heads and throats, black crowns, foreheads, rears of the eyes, lightly barred grey upperparts, dark wings, whitish underparts, and red washes from the flanks to the rumps. They inhabit central and eastern Africa. 8.3 Black-headed Waxbill (Estrilda atricapilla) These birds have black crowns, foreheads, lores, rears of the eyes, whitish heads and throats, grey upper parts with fine barring, dark wings, whitish chests, red washes on the belly, flanks, and rumps, and black vents. They are found in central Africa. 8.4 Black-lored Waxbill (Estrilda nigriloris) They are grey-brown overall with thick barring, pinkish washes, red beaks, and black lines from the lores to behind the eyes. They are found in southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. 8.5 Black-rumped Waxbill (Estrilda troglodytes) These birds have plain brownish-grey backs, white under tails, finely barred greyish-brown underparts, black rumps, red eye stripes, and red bills. They inhabit central and western Africa. 8.6 Common Waxbill (Estrilda astrild) Common Waxbills have brownish-grey bodies with dark bars, dark vents, red patches on the bellies, red bills, and red face masks. They occur throughout most of southern, central, eastern, and parts of western Africa. 8.7 Crimson-rumped Waxbill (Estrilda rhodopyga) These birds have finely barred grey-brown upper parts, paler grey-buffy undersides, red patches on the wings and upper tails, red eye stripes, red rumps, and whitish cheeks and throats. They are found in eastern Africa. 8.8 Fawn-breasted Waxbill (Estrilda paludicola) They have olive-brown upper sides, whitish or yellow undersides, grey to olive heads with large variations, red bills, red rumps, and black tails. They inhabit central Africa. 8.9 Kandt’s Waxbill (Estrilda kandti) Kandt’s Waxbills have subtly barred brown upper sides, red rumps, black tails, red flanks, black crowns and face masks, white cheeks, white napes, throats, and chests, and dark bellies. They are found in eastern and central Africa. 8.10 Orange-cheeked Waxbill (Estrilda melpoda) These birds have brown backs, red rumps, grey heads, greyish underparts, black tails, orange faces, and red beaks. They inhabit